Marco Tarchi risponde sul populismo sulle pagine del Fatto quotidiano
Qualcuno lo aveva previsto, quasi mezzo secolo fa. Presentando nel maggio 1967 il convegno di studi della London School of Economics che mirava a definire il già allora controverso soggetto, gli organizzatori, parafrasando Marx, si erano sbilanciati in un’affermazione netta: “Uno spettro sta ossessionando il mondo: il populismo”. Avevano ragione, ma forse non immaginavano che quell’ossessione sarebbe durata così a lungo nel tempo.
Qualcuno lo aveva previsto, quasi mezzo secolo fa. Presentando nel maggio 1967 il convegno di studi della London School of Economics che mirava a definire il già allora controverso soggetto, gli organizzatori, parafrasando Marx, si erano sbilanciati in un’affermazione netta: “Uno spettro sta ossessionando il mondo: il populismo”. Avevano ragione, ma forse non immaginavano che quell’ossessione sarebbe durata così a lungo nel tempo.
Invece, questo è avvenuto. Ad onta dei tentativi di qualche accademico che si ostina a negare l’esistenza del fenomeno o a confonderlo con l’estrema destra (con cui ha alcune adiacenze e molte divergenze), il populismo resiste, insiste, pare svanire e poi di colpo ricompare, talvolta sembra dilagare. E non conosce confini o fasi temporali in grado di arrestarne la forza complessiva, talché anche paesi che se ne presupponevano immuni per il vantato alto grado di cultura civica, come Gran Bretagna e Olanda, ne sono oggi altamente impregnati.
C’è però un problema: sebbene nel dibattito pubblico non si faccia che parlare di populismo, sulle caratteristiche di questo ospite così assiduo continuano ad esistere opinioni discordi. E soprattutto tutti o quasi gli attori politici cui l’etichetta viene applicata la rifiutano sdegnosamente, temendo di vedersi derubricare a demagoghi – giacché le due categorie vengono a torto abitualmente confuse – e di essere messi sul banco degli imputati dai concorrenti e dagli opinion makers. Per paura di essere sbaragliati nella guerra delle parole, insomma, leaders e movimenti che pure presentano tutti i crismi del populismo preferiscono scrollarsi il termine di dosso, con una scelta in fondo paradossale, visto che in teoria, accettandolo, affermerebbero il loro attaccamento al popolo e ai suoi bisogni: un comportamento che in democrazia dovrebbe essere tutt’altro che disdicevole.
Anche Beppe Grillo, nella sua recente lettera al Fatto Quotidiano, ha ceduto al riflesso condizionato e, dopo aver rivendicato sul suo blog a più riprese il diritto di essere “orgogliosamente populista”, ha negato che l’aggettivo possa essere attribuito ai Cinque Stelle, perché, a suo dire, “Il cosiddetto ‘populismo’ è un atteggiamento sostenibile in politica soltanto se l’attore è al governo (o perlomeno molto vicino a questo) e quindi in grado di influenzare il corso degli eventi a favore della classe X o della categoria Y”. Con questa affermazione, Grillo dimostra di aver ceduto al punto di vista di quei suoi avversari che equiparano populismo a demagogia e di aver sorprendentemente dimenticato la sostanza di un modo di vedere le cose di cui è stato a lungo un campione. Vale quindi la pena di ricordargli che, come ormai molti studiosi riconoscono, il populismo è – lo dico con la formula che ho proposto nel mio recente libro Italia populista (il Mulino) – quella mentalità che individua il popolo come una totalità organica artificiosamente divisa da forze ostili, gli attribuisce naturali qualità etiche, ne contrappone il realismo, la laboriosità e l’integrità all’ipocrisia, all’inefficienza e alla corruzione delle oligarchie politiche, economiche, sociali e culturali e ne rivendica il primato, come fonte di legittimazione del potere, al di sopra di ogni forma di rappresentanza e di mediazione.
Non ci vuole molto a constatare che di questa mentalità Grillo è stato e tuttora è un rappresentante esemplare, ed è proprio grazie alla sua capacità di esprimerne i contenuti in un linguaggio senza freni inibitori e accessibile a tutti che le liste del M5S hanno raccolto in varie elezioni un consenso di ampie proporzioni. Vero è che al discorso populista a pieni carati del suo “garante” o “megafono” (ma anche detentore esclusivo del marchio) non sempre hanno corrisposto comportamenti in linea dei gruppi parlamentari del movimento, ma di sicuro fino ad oggi i successi del secondo sono largamente dipesi dalla predicazione del primo. Le cose stanno cambiando? Può darsi, ed è quindi lecito ipotizzare che, se Grillo è tuttora un populista, il M5S non lo sia, poiché non punta a scardinare, come il suo fondatore ha nelle piazze più volte proclamato, la concezione meramente rappresentativa e indiretta della democrazia. Se così stessero le cose, bisognerà vedere dove finiranno molti dei voti che ai pentastellati sono giunti grazie alla carica antisistemica di cui frange significative dell’elettorato lo accreditavano. Come direbbero i populisti, legati alla saggezza tradizionale: chi vivrà, vedrà.
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